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The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation ( SCO ) is an international alliance that consists of 10 member states and 2 observers from Eurasia. It was established on 26 April 1996 as the Shanghai Five. In addition to the 10 member states and 2 observers, the SCO currently has 14 dialogue partners and 4 guest attendance entries. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization ( SCO ), established in 2001, is a pivotal political, economic, and military alliance. Originally formed to address security concerns in Central Asia, the organization has evolved to tackle various regional issues, including economic cooperation and cultural exchanges. This article explores the SCO ’s member states, significant achievements, and ongoing challenges, providing a comprehensive overview relevant for UPSC aspirants. Shanghai Cooperation ... The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation is an organization that focuses on political, economic, international security, and defense matters in Eurasia. It holds the distinction of being the largest regional organization in terms of geographic coverage and population. Shanghai Cooperation Organisation ( SCO ) is a permanent intergovernmental international organization, comprising 9 Member States namely the Republic of India, the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the People’s Republic of China, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Tajikistan, and the Republic of Uzbekistan.